Alkaloids

The revival of herbal antivirals in the veterinary pharmacognosy is a sustainable approach to antiviral control among livestock and poultry, and its economic costs are an added advantage. Phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and terpenoids have been shown to potently inhibit viral replication, regulate and/or activate the immune system, and provide a pharmacological effect on viral enzymes. The use of varied animal models, such as poultry, rodent, and ruminants, enables efficacy, toxicity, and species differences assessment, in order to translate it into the practice of veterinary medicine. Combination of conventional ethnoveterinary medicine with contemporary instruments and techniques such as LC-MS/MS, molecular docking, and metabolomics allows the identification of bioactive substances and clarification of the molecular basis, converting traditional folk medicine into scientific medicine. Although there are limitations to consider in intrinsic variability of dose, inadequate pharmacokinetic information, and ethical limitations, standardized formulations, and sophisticated analytical methods together with alternative pharmacological models can maximise translation utility. This review highlights the need of herbal antivirals that are low toxicity and broad spectrum with minimal to no adverse effects, in lieu of synthetic drugs to maintain animal health and sustainable livestock management, as well as preparedness against any new viral pandemic

Complex phytochemical composition of polyherbal formulations which are dominant in traditional medicine systems makes it hard to standardize them. The research discusses a confirmed analytical method of High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy to standardize and guarantee the quality control of polyherbal formulation. Validated HPTLC methods based on ICH guidelines were used to quantify selected marker compounds-gallic acid, quercetin, mangiferin and curcumin- in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ). In tandem with this, UV-Vis absorption spectra and calibration curves were developed to quantitatively analyse substances using Beer Lambert law with the instrumental limitations in mind (e.g. stray light and bandwidth of the dual wavelength approach). These results obtained high correlation coefficients (>0.999), detection limit in nanogram range and accurate quantification of significant bioactive markers. The combined workflow provides a sound, reproduceable and cost-efficient platform of quality control of complex herbal blends. The study helps to advance the use of polyherbal preparations because it helps to mediate between traditional medicine approaches and contemporary analytical standards.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) plants have been known to confer beneficial therapeutic effects in the traditional systemic Chinese Medicinal, but a science-based verification is important to offer evidence-based utilization. This review will cover or discuss the pharmacological prospect of TCM plants, including Andrographis paniculata, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Scutellaria baicalensis, astragalus membranaceus, ginkgo biloba and panax ginseng using the preclinical study in animals. These investigations indicate a high level of antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulator, anti-oxidant, heendoguinative proteomin and neuro-protection, which have been explained through recent pharmacognostic strategies such as phytochemical screening, chromatographic studies, in-vitro tests, as well as molecular analyses. Although translation into humans is impeded by species-specific effects, complex, formulations and reproducibility, the incorporation of standardized extracts, high- fidelity disease models, and increasing ethical options all improve the translational significance. The results indicate the possible potential in TCM plants as evidence-based human and veterinary medicines and point to possible areas of future intensive preclinical and clinical studies.

The rise of herbal medicine around the world has made it even more important to accurately identify crude herbal remedies to make sure they are safe, effective, and of good quality. This study used a combination of macroscopic, microscopic, and DNA barcoding techniques to verify twelve commonly used crude herbal medication samples from the Ayurvedic and Unani systems. The first visual and anatomical confirmation came from macroscopic and microscopic studies, respectively. DNA barcoding with rbcL and matK primers gave exact species-level identification by aligning the sequences with NCBI-BLAST. Five of the studied samples were consistently confirmed by all methods, but Bacopa monnieri was still doubtful because its shape was unclear and it only partially amplified. Using Cohen's Kappa (κ = 0.812), a statistical test, we found that the three methods agreed strongly with each other. These results show that a multi-tiered authentication strategy is better than using only one method. This supports the idea of a standardised protocol for validating herbal drugs in research and industry contexts.

Conventional antibiotic treatment of bacterial infections is hampered by prevalent antimicrobial resistance. In this research, the synergistic antibacterial activity of different herbal extracts and cefixime against resistant clinical isolates is tested. The preliminary antibiotic susceptibility and antibacterial activity of the herbal extracts were evaluated using disc diffusion and microbroth dilution. Checkerboard experiments, time-kill kinetics, and protein content assays were used to establish synergy. RP-HPLC phytochemical profiling showed high levels of gallic acid (0.24-19.7 μg/mg), quercetin (1.57-18.44 μg/mg), and cinnamic acid (0.02-5.93 μg/mg) in the extracts. 13/16 Gram-negative and 4/6 Gram-positive clinical isolates were resistant to intermediate or total cefixime. Aqueous plant extracts were non-synergistic, whereas ethanolic and methanolic were synergistic. Time-kill kinetics demonstrated that the synergistic interaction reduced bacterial load by 2–8 and was time- and concentration-dependent. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) combination therapy inhibited growth and protein content (5–62%) in the bacterial isolates from the antibiotic or extract. The research indicates herbal extracts are potential adjuvants to standard antibiotics in resistant microorganisms.