Flavonoids

Complex phytochemical composition of polyherbal formulations which are dominant in traditional medicine systems makes it hard to standardize them. The research discusses a confirmed analytical method of High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy to standardize and guarantee the quality control of polyherbal formulation. Validated HPTLC methods based on ICH guidelines were used to quantify selected marker compounds-gallic acid, quercetin, mangiferin and curcumin- in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ). In tandem with this, UV-Vis absorption spectra and calibration curves were developed to quantitatively analyse substances using Beer Lambert law with the instrumental limitations in mind (e.g. stray light and bandwidth of the dual wavelength approach). These results obtained high correlation coefficients (>0.999), detection limit in nanogram range and accurate quantification of significant bioactive markers. The combined workflow provides a sound, reproduceable and cost-efficient platform of quality control of complex herbal blends. The study helps to advance the use of polyherbal preparations because it helps to mediate between traditional medicine approaches and contemporary analytical standards.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) plants have been known to confer beneficial therapeutic effects in the traditional systemic Chinese Medicinal, but a science-based verification is important to offer evidence-based utilization. This review will cover or discuss the pharmacological prospect of TCM plants, including Andrographis paniculata, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Scutellaria baicalensis, astragalus membranaceus, ginkgo biloba and panax ginseng using the preclinical study in animals. These investigations indicate a high level of antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulator, anti-oxidant, heendoguinative proteomin and neuro-protection, which have been explained through recent pharmacognostic strategies such as phytochemical screening, chromatographic studies, in-vitro tests, as well as molecular analyses. Although translation into humans is impeded by species-specific effects, complex, formulations and reproducibility, the incorporation of standardized extracts, high- fidelity disease models, and increasing ethical options all improve the translational significance. The results indicate the possible potential in TCM plants as evidence-based human and veterinary medicines and point to possible areas of future intensive preclinical and clinical studies.

Conventional antibiotic treatment of bacterial infections is hampered by prevalent antimicrobial resistance. In this research, the synergistic antibacterial activity of different herbal extracts and cefixime against resistant clinical isolates is tested. The preliminary antibiotic susceptibility and antibacterial activity of the herbal extracts were evaluated using disc diffusion and microbroth dilution. Checkerboard experiments, time-kill kinetics, and protein content assays were used to establish synergy. RP-HPLC phytochemical profiling showed high levels of gallic acid (0.24-19.7 μg/mg), quercetin (1.57-18.44 μg/mg), and cinnamic acid (0.02-5.93 μg/mg) in the extracts. 13/16 Gram-negative and 4/6 Gram-positive clinical isolates were resistant to intermediate or total cefixime. Aqueous plant extracts were non-synergistic, whereas ethanolic and methanolic were synergistic. Time-kill kinetics demonstrated that the synergistic interaction reduced bacterial load by 2–8 and was time- and concentration-dependent. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) combination therapy inhibited growth and protein content (5–62%) in the bacterial isolates from the antibiotic or extract. The research indicates herbal extracts are potential adjuvants to standard antibiotics in resistant microorganisms.