Animal models

Abstract: This study presents the formulation and evaluation of an herbal-based moisturizing cream using ginger (Zingiber officinale), honey (Madhu), and pomegranate (Punica granatum), chosen for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, humectant, and skin-rejuvenating properties. The cream was prepared by the fusion method and developed into seven formulations (F1–F7), evaluated for appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, washability, stability, and irritation. Among them, F5 showed the most suitable characteristics, with a pH of 5.3, viscosity of 108.3 mPa·s, excellent spreadability (2.5 cm²/sec), and easy washability without irritation. The results suggest herbal creams are safe, effective, and sustainable alternatives to synthetic moisturizers.

The revival of herbal antivirals in the veterinary pharmacognosy is a sustainable approach to antiviral control among livestock and poultry, and its economic costs are an added advantage. Phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and terpenoids have been shown to potently inhibit viral replication, regulate and/or activate the immune system, and provide a pharmacological effect on viral enzymes. The use of varied animal models, such as poultry, rodent, and ruminants, enables efficacy, toxicity, and species differences assessment, in order to translate it into the practice of veterinary medicine. Combination of conventional ethnoveterinary medicine with contemporary instruments and techniques such as LC-MS/MS, molecular docking, and metabolomics allows the identification of bioactive substances and clarification of the molecular basis, converting traditional folk medicine into scientific medicine. Although there are limitations to consider in intrinsic variability of dose, inadequate pharmacokinetic information, and ethical limitations, standardized formulations, and sophisticated analytical methods together with alternative pharmacological models can maximise translation utility. This review highlights the need of herbal antivirals that are low toxicity and broad spectrum with minimal to no adverse effects, in lieu of synthetic drugs to maintain animal health and sustainable livestock management, as well as preparedness against any new viral pandemic