Terpenoids

The revival of herbal antivirals in the veterinary pharmacognosy is a sustainable approach to antiviral control among livestock and poultry, and its economic costs are an added advantage. Phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and terpenoids have been shown to potently inhibit viral replication, regulate and/or activate the immune system, and provide a pharmacological effect on viral enzymes. The use of varied animal models, such as poultry, rodent, and ruminants, enables efficacy, toxicity, and species differences assessment, in order to translate it into the practice of veterinary medicine. Combination of conventional ethnoveterinary medicine with contemporary instruments and techniques such as LC-MS/MS, molecular docking, and metabolomics allows the identification of bioactive substances and clarification of the molecular basis, converting traditional folk medicine into scientific medicine. Although there are limitations to consider in intrinsic variability of dose, inadequate pharmacokinetic information, and ethical limitations, standardized formulations, and sophisticated analytical methods together with alternative pharmacological models can maximise translation utility. This review highlights the need of herbal antivirals that are low toxicity and broad spectrum with minimal to no adverse effects, in lieu of synthetic drugs to maintain animal health and sustainable livestock management, as well as preparedness against any new viral pandemic

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) plants have been known to confer beneficial therapeutic effects in the traditional systemic Chinese Medicinal, but a science-based verification is important to offer evidence-based utilization. This review will cover or discuss the pharmacological prospect of TCM plants, including Andrographis paniculata, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Scutellaria baicalensis, astragalus membranaceus, ginkgo biloba and panax ginseng using the preclinical study in animals. These investigations indicate a high level of antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulator, anti-oxidant, heendoguinative proteomin and neuro-protection, which have been explained through recent pharmacognostic strategies such as phytochemical screening, chromatographic studies, in-vitro tests, as well as molecular analyses. Although translation into humans is impeded by species-specific effects, complex, formulations and reproducibility, the incorporation of standardized extracts, high- fidelity disease models, and increasing ethical options all improve the translational significance. The results indicate the possible potential in TCM plants as evidence-based human and veterinary medicines and point to possible areas of future intensive preclinical and clinical studies.

The study focused on isolating and characterising antioxidant compounds of the medicinal plant Withania somnifera, which has been used in traditional Indian medicine as an adaptogen and therapeutic agent. Soxhlet extraction was used to obtain methanolic extracts, and the obtained crude extract was then subjected to column chromatography, which gave four fractions (F1-F4). The antioxidant potential of these fractions was determined using three common in vitro tests —DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP — to fully assess their free radical scavenging and reducing capacities. F4 was the most active fraction (125 mg of antioxidant activity per 50 g of plant material) and showed the most potent antioxidant activity in all assays, showing a higher content of bioactive components. UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and NMR were applied to further characterise the chemical profiles of the isolated compounds by the confirmation of the characteristic functional groups of antioxidant activity, hydroxyl, carbonyl, and aromatic rings, and structural characteristics typical of withanolides and flavonoid derivatives. One-way ANOVA statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the antioxidant efficacy of the fractions (p Withania somnifera as a good source of natural antioxidants with pharmaceutical and nutraceutical uses.