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International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Drug Technology

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📢 Latest Update: New special issue call for papers on "Emerging Technologies in Research" - Submit by March 31, 2025

📢 Latest Update: New special issue call for papers on "Emerging Technologies in Research" - Submit by March 31, 2025

IJPHDT, Vol-2, Issue-7, July-2025

Volume 2, Issue 7 - undefined 2025

Volume 2 Issue 7 Cover

Issue Details:

Volume 2 Issue 7
Published:Invalid Date

Editorial: IJPHDT, Vol-2, Issue-7, July-2025

Welcome to the 2025 issue of International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Drug Technology. This issue showcases the remarkable breadth and depth of contemporary research across multiple disciplines. From cutting-edge applications of machine learning in climate science to the revolutionary potential of quantum computing in drug discovery, our featured articles demonstrate the power of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing global challenges.

We are particularly excited to present research that bridges traditional academic boundaries, reflecting our journal's commitment to fostering innovation through cross-disciplinary dialogue. The integration of artificial intelligence with environmental science, the application of blockchain technology to supply chain management, and the convergence of urban planning with smart city technologies exemplify the transformative potential of collaborative research.

As we continue to navigate an era of rapid technological advancement and global challenges, the research presented in this issue offers both insights and solutions that will shape our future. We thank our authors, reviewers, and editorial board members for their continued dedication to advancing knowledge and promoting scientific excellence.

Dr. Margaret Thompson
Editor-in-Chief
International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Drug Technology

Articles in This Issue

Showing 11 of 11 articles
Research PaperID: IJPHD-00000095

Bioassay-Guided Fractionation of Anti-Inflammatory Alkaloids from Tinospora cordifolia

Uriti Sri Venkatesh

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers is a common medicinal plant used in Ayurvedic medicine from which we have previously shown promising anti-inflammatory properties can be attributed to alkaloids in the plant. The objective of our study was to isolate and characterize anti-inflammatory alkaloids from this plant through guided bioassay fractionation and isolation of the methanolic stem extract. Methanolic extract was fractionated into hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts sequentially. We evaluated the extracts for inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The best extracts underwent chromatographic purifications and active compounds were identified using NMR and LC-MS. Two alkaloids decreased NO formation with an IC₅₀ of 18.3 µg/mL and 21.6 µg/mL with little if any cytotoxic activity. These data support the therapeutic application of selected T. cordifolia alkaloids as natural anti-inflammatory compounds and warrant pharmacological development.

ChemicalToxic metabolitesEnzymes
6,264 views
1,839 downloads

Contributors:

 Uriti Sri Venkatesh
Research PaperID: IJPHD-00000096

Comparative Phytochemical Analysis of Green Vs. Black Tea Leaves

Aakriti Singh, Saumitra Tiwari, Vijya Gupta

Tea is an engrossing beverage based on Camellia sinensis which has grown to be one of the most popular drinks with birds of a feather, the most used type being the green and black tea. Even though the two products are derived from the same plant, their differences in the way they are treated after harvesting them substantially change their phytochemical profiles and their implications on health. The importance of the study was to compare the phytochemical compounds as well as antioxidant action of the tea leaf green and black varieties to form a bias-free comparison by utilizing standard laboratory methods. The presence of essential phytochemicals like phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids was identified through qualitative screening of the two samples. Green tea had significantly higher values of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and as well as the antioxidant activity (by using a DPPH assay). Green tea had a mean TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity was 98.4 mg/g, 85.6 mg/g, and 91.7 % respectively as compared to 76.3 mg/g, 69.5 mg/g, and 783 % in the case of black tea. The differences were significant as established by statistical analysis under the independent samples t-tests (p

drug discoveryherbal medicinenatural productsalkaloidsbioassay-guided fractionationanti-inflammatory activity+1 more
6,069 views
2,011 downloads

Contributors:

 Aakriti Singh
,
 Saumitra Tiwari
,
 Vijya Gupta
Research PaperID: IJPHD-00000097

Exploring Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Polyphenolic Compounds from Indigenous Herbs

Sanober Parveen, Raj Kishore, Sarita singh

Because people are becoming more interested in plant-based medicines, researchers are looking more closely at the bioactive components in medicinal herbs, especially polyphenols, because they may have antioxidant and anticancer effects. The goal of this study was to look into the antioxidant and anticancer properties of polyphenolic chemicals taken from some native herbs using established in vitro methodologies. We did methanolic and hydroethanolic extractions, then we measured the total phenolic and flavonoid content, the antioxidant activity using the DPPH and ABTS assays, and the cytotoxicity using the MTT assay on the MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines. Herb C had the highest total phenolic (168 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (96 mg QE/g) content of the samples examined. It also had the strongest antioxidant and anticancer activity, with IC₅₀ values close to those of normal ascorbic acid and a considerable decrease in cell viability. One-way ANOVA statistical analysis showed that the differences that were seen were significant (p

Nutraceuticals.Functional foodsCamellia sinensisDPPH assayTotal flavonoid contentTotal phenolic content+4 more
6,271 views
1,850 downloads

Contributors:

 Sanober Parveen
,
 Raj Kishore
,
 Sarita singh
Research PaperID: IJPHD-00000098

In-Vitro Anticancer Activity of Plant-Derived Terpenoids Against Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Gomathi Periyasamy

One of the leading causes of cancer-related death for women worldwide is breast cancer. Natural substances obtained from therapeutic plants, particularly terpenoids, have garnered considerable interest as potential sources for pharmaceuticals. This study aims to determine which plant-based terpenoids, when tested in vitro against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, exhibit anti-cancer properties. Terpenoids were extracted using conventional chromatographic methods, and their identification was confirmed using spectroscopic analysis. We used fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry to detect apoptotic effects and the MTT assay to measure cytotoxicity. The findings demonstrated that the dose affected the effects of apoptosis induction and cancer cell growth inhibition. The authors of the study believe that terpenoids from plants have a lot of potential as a treatment for breast cancer.

Natural therapeuticsMTT assayAnticancer activityAntioxidant activityIndigenous herbsPolyphenols
6,716 views
1,911 downloads

Contributors:

 Gomathi Periyasamy
Research PaperID: IJPHD-00000099

Isolation and Characterization of Antioxidant Compounds from Withania somnifera

Rohini Armo, Khilendra Kumar Thakur

The study focused on isolating and characterising antioxidant compounds of the medicinal plant Withania somnifera, which has been used in traditional Indian medicine as an adaptogen and therapeutic agent. Soxhlet extraction was used to obtain methanolic extracts, and the obtained crude extract was then subjected to column chromatography, which gave four fractions (F1-F4). The antioxidant potential of these fractions was determined using three common in vitro tests —DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP — to fully assess their free radical scavenging and reducing capacities. F4 was the most active fraction (125 mg of antioxidant activity per 50 g of plant material) and showed the most potent antioxidant activity in all assays, showing a higher content of bioactive components. UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and NMR were applied to further characterise the chemical profiles of the isolated compounds by the confirmation of the characteristic functional groups of antioxidant activity, hydroxyl, carbonyl, and aromatic rings, and structural characteristics typical of withanolides and flavonoid derivatives. One-way ANOVA statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the antioxidant efficacy of the fractions (p Withania somnifera as a good source of natural antioxidants with pharmaceutical and nutraceutical uses.

ApoptosisMDA-MB-231MCF-7In-vitro StudyBreast CancerTerpenoids
6,801 views
2,112 downloads

Contributors:

 Rohini Armo
,
 Khilendra Kumar Thakur
Research PaperID: IJPHD-00000100

Isolation And Structural Characterization of Bioactive Alkaloids from Rauwolfia serpentina

Vaishali Sharma, Dr. Rashmika Patel, Patel Krupaben Pravinbhai Patel, Dr. Kinjal H shah

Rauwolfia serpentina is a well-known medicinal plant in traditional medicine. It is noted for containing a high concentration of alkaloids and being able to help alleviate symptoms associated with high blood pressure and neurological diseases. The goal of this study was to employ a systematic phytochemical method to separate and characterise the structure of the bioactive alkaloids present in the roots of R. serpentina. We used methanol to extract the dried root powder and then split it into smaller parts using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. The chloroform fraction contained the highest concentration of alkaloids (2.68%) and was subsequently separated into five distinct alkaloids using column chromatography. TLC profiling showed that these chemicals were Reserpine, Ajmaline, Yohimbine, Serpentine, and Ajmalicine, and FTIR, NMR (^1H and ^13C), and Mass Spectrometry verified this. The statistical analysis (ANOVA) revealed significant differences in alkaloid content between the solvent systems (p = 0.001), with chloroform being the most effective extractant. The results confirm that R. serpentina is rich in phytochemicals and provide a proven method for isolating natural products. This has implications for the discovery and development of further medications

Herbal medicineBioactive fractionsPhytochemical characterizationChromatographic FractionationSoxhlet ExtractionAntioxidant Compounds+1 more
6,728 views
1,990 downloads

Contributors:

 Vaishali Sharma
,
 Dr. Rashmika Patel
,
 Patel Krupaben Pravinbhai Patel
,
 Dr. Kinjal H shah
Research PaperID: IJPHD-00000101

Microscopic, Macroscopic, and DNA Barcoding Techniques for Authentication of Crude Herbal Drugs

Dr. Rashmika Patel, Vaishali Sharma, Dr. Kinjal H Shah

The rise of herbal medicine around the world has made it even more important to accurately identify crude herbal remedies to make sure they are safe, effective, and of good quality. This study used a combination of macroscopic, microscopic, and DNA barcoding techniques to verify twelve commonly used crude herbal medication samples from the Ayurvedic and Unani systems. The first visual and anatomical confirmation came from macroscopic and microscopic studies, respectively. DNA barcoding with rbcL and matK primers gave exact species-level identification by aligning the sequences with NCBI-BLAST. Five of the studied samples were consistently confirmed by all methods, but Bacopa monnieri was still doubtful because its shape was unclear and it only partially amplified. Using Cohen's Kappa (κ = 0.812), a statistical test, we found that the three methods agreed strongly with each other. These results show that a multi-tiered authentication strategy is better than using only one method. This supports the idea of a standardised protocol for validating herbal drugs in research and industry contexts.

Mass SpectrometryNMRTLCPhytochemical AnalysisAlkaloidsRauwolfia Serpentina
6,812 views
2,180 downloads

Contributors:

 Dr. Rashmika Patel
,
 Vaishali Sharma
,
 Dr. Kinjal H Shah
Research PaperID: IJPHD-00000102

Nanoencapsulation of Herbal Extracts for Enhanced Bioavailability

Dr. Rohit Srivastava

Nanoencapsulation is a revolutionary approach to enhancing the therapeutic performance of herbal extracts by addressing some of their major weaknesses, such as poor solubility, low stability, and low bioavailability. This review underscores the promise of different nanocarrier systems in enhancing the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of phytochemicals, e.g. curcumin, quercetin and resveratrol, i.e. polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, solid-lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and nanostructured-lipid carriers (NLCs). In preclinical experiments, there has been a remarkable advancement in selective delivery and organ-selective performance, as well as decreased toxicity, particularly in neurodegenerative, hepatic, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. Despite improvements in studies, long-term safety, immunogenicity, and clinical translation issues persist. The review also indicates the necessity to develop universal nano formulation guidelines, toxicity testing, and clinical trials meant to help obtain regulatory approval and commercialisation. A combination of nanotechnology and herbal medicine creates potential applications for safer, effective, and user-friendly medicines.

Authentication techniquesmicroscopic identificationMacroscopic analysisDNA barcodingCrude herbal drugs
7,025 views
2,034 downloads

Contributors:

 Dr. Rohit Srivastava
Research PaperID: IJPHD-00000115

Neuroprotective Potential of Ginkgo biloba Extracts: A Pharmacognostic Review

Kamini Verma, Gitanjali Kashyap, Mohit Kumar Sahu, Govind Sharma, Vinay Sagar Verma

This review explores the neuroprotective potential of Ginkgo biloba extracts, particularly the standardized formulation EGb 761, through a pharmacognostic lens. With the global rise in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and ischemic stroke, there is an urgent need for safe, effective, and multi-targeted therapeutic options. The review begins by outlining the botanical characteristics, traditional uses, and global cultivation patterns of Ginkgo biloba, establishing its importance as a medicinal plant. It then examines a range of preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) and clinical studies, which collectively highlight the extract’s ability to enhance memory, reduce oxidative stress, lower inflammatory markers, and improve mitochondrial function. These effects are largely attributed to its active constituents—flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol) and terpenoids (ginkgolides, bilobalide)—which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neurovascular actions. The review also presents key mechanisms of action, discusses findings from behavioural and biochemical assessments, and synthesizes the therapeutic relevance of Ginkgo biloba in both early and moderate stages of cognitive impairment. Despite promising results, challenges such as inconsistent clinical trial methodologies, limited long-term data, and a lack of head-to-head comparisons with conventional drugs are noted.

Non-Invasive Therapeutics.Synergistic DeliveryAnimal ModelsDrug BioavailabilitySkin BarrierMicroneedles+2 more
7,498 views
2,216 downloads

Contributors:

 Kamini Verma
,
 Gitanjali Kashyap
,
 Mohit Kumar Sahu
,
 Govind Sharma
,
 Vinay Sagar Verma
Research PaperID: IJPHD-00000103

Standardization and Quality Control of Ayurvedic Polyherbal Formulations

Atish Y Sahare, Sanjay C. Akare, Rishabh B. Agrawal, Santosh N. Gotephode, Sachin A. Gajbhiye

Ayurvedic polyherbal formulations are increasingly explored internationally as a budding field of therapeutic potential based on thousands of years of traditional medicinal practice. However, the absence of standardization protocol and stringent quality control measures is a significant barrier, and the adoption of their safe and effective use in western healthcare is a challenge. The goal of this review is to evaluate the standardization and quality control measures related to Ayurvedic polyherbal formulations. The review discusses the complexity of multi-component herbal mixtures, variability of raw material and absence of marker compounds and synergistic effects which make reproducibility more difficult. The review emphasizes the use of modern techniques including High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) methods, and microbiological analyses, all increasingly common approaches to assess the variance in products. While there have been advances in the use of HPTLC and LC-MS for standardization and quality control, many regulatory frameworks do not exist, and harmonized quality standards are absent. The review indicates a need for the traditional Ayurvedic approach and modern science to work collaboratively to develop standardized strategies. A successful collaborative effort would lead to increased global/consumer recognition, acceptance and contribution to enhanced public safety regarding the quality and efficacy of these established therapeutic preparations.

Pharmacokinetics.Targeted DeliveryPreclinical StudiesPhytochemicalsNanocarriersBioavailability+2 more
7,073 views
2,105 downloads

Contributors:

 Atish Y Sahare
,
 Sanjay C. Akare
,
 Rishabh B. Agrawal
,
 Santosh N. Gotephode
,
 Sachin A. Gajbhiye
Research PaperID: IJPHD-00000104

TLC And HPLC Fingerprinting of Medicinal Plants Used in Indian Traditional Medicine

Kuppili Praveena, Neha Kashyap, Abhishek Singh Sidar, Dr.Smriti Pandey, Supriti Saha

The study focuses on the phytochemical profiling of selected Indian medicinal plants using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), two key methods for fingerprinting in the quality control of herbal products. The primary objective is to establish standard chromatographic fingerprints for Withania somnifera, Azadirachta indica, and Centella asiatica, which are commonly used in traditional Indian medicine. Dried plant materials were extracted with methanol, and TLC and HPLC under optimised conditions were used to identify major bioactive markers. The chromatograms run were examined with retention factors (RF) and retention times (RT), and peaks were compared with known phytoconstituents. TLC was used to provide separation based on the compound class and HPLC provided quantification in detail. The findings indicate that TLC and HPLC fingerprinting are powerful and complementary methodologies for standardising herbal medications and ensuring the consistency of batches. These results have regulatory, pharmacovigilance, and quality assurance implications in the traditional medicine industry.

Regulatory frameworksChromatographic techniquesPhytochemical screeningHerbal drug evaluationQuality controlStandardization+2 more
7,456 views
2,225 downloads

Contributors:

 Kuppili Praveena
,
 Neha Kashyap
,
 Abhishek Singh Sidar
,
 Dr.Smriti Pandey
,
 Supriti Saha

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