Phytochemicals

An uptick in research into green synthesis methods, especially those that make use of plant extracts, can be attributed to the rising need for sustainable and environmentally friendly nanomaterials. Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was assessed in this study, which also looked at the green manufacture of metallic nanoparticles using Ocimum sanctum herbal extract. Analyses using UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, and XRD verified the successful production of nanoparticles. S. aureus was more susceptible than E. coli in antibacterial experiments, which showed a noticeable rise in inhibitory zones that was dose dependent. The produced nanoparticles' powerful antibacterial effectiveness was confirmed by statistical analysis employing one-way ANOVA, which showed significant differences (p

This paper has reviewed and compared the antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of ethanol extracts of some Ayurvedic herbs, namely, Withania somnifera, Calotropis procera, and Semecarpus anacardium judged by the currently described pharmacological findings. The antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and a total phenolic content (TPC) test; cytotoxicity through the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay versus cultured tumor cell lines. Major differences in the bioactivity were observed: Calotropis procera and Semecarpus anacardium displayed high cytotoxic effects (IC 50 1.4-1.60g/mL), as reported in the literature. Withania somnifera exhibited moderate antioxidant potential, in vitro cytotoxicity (apoptotic and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation seen in A549 lung carcinoma cellular models). The comparison analysis makes note of the therapeutic potential of the medicinal plants as sources of bioactive compounds that might be utilized in the drug development efforts by leveraging natural products and in their chemopreventive potential uses. Implications, limitations, and future research directions in studies are presented.

Neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington, among others form an array of conditions characterized by loss of neurons, cognitive impairment and motor loss, and are progressive conditions associated with a grave social, economic, and healthcare burden to society. The existing pharmacological treatment affects the progress of the disease much less as it is mainly symptomatic; it causes some interest in alternative treatment methods. Flavonoid, alkaloid, terpenoid, and phenolic compounds, which represent plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) neuroprotective potential, have demonstrated significant neuroprotective effects in preclinical animal models through targeting several pathological mechanisms. These substances reduce oxidative stress by potentiating endogenous antioxidant protection, inhibit neuroinflammation via cytokine and microglial adjustment and prevent toxic protein formation, augment neurotransmitter channels, which maintain the neurotransmitter balance in the neurons further enhancing cognitive and motor functions. The translation of preclinical evidence to a direct clinical application is hampered, however, by limitations in bioavailability, blood-brain barrier penetration, heterogeneity of experiments, and lack of long-term studies, despite the promising results evident in past studies. Delivery optimization, animal models routines, and examination of chronic or combinatorial intervention are critical to bring PSMs to safe and viable therapeutic use in human NDs.

Ayurvedic polyherbal formulations are increasingly explored internationally as a budding field of therapeutic potential based on thousands of years of traditional medicinal practice. However, the absence of standardization protocol and stringent quality control measures is a significant barrier, and the adoption of their safe and effective use in western healthcare is a challenge. The goal of this review is to evaluate the standardization and quality control measures related to Ayurvedic polyherbal formulations. The review discusses the complexity of multi-component herbal mixtures, variability of raw material and absence of marker compounds and synergistic effects which make reproducibility more difficult. The review emphasizes the use of modern techniques including High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) methods, and microbiological analyses, all increasingly common approaches to assess the variance in products. While there have been advances in the use of HPTLC and LC-MS for standardization and quality control, many regulatory frameworks do not exist, and harmonized quality standards are absent. The review indicates a need for the traditional Ayurvedic approach and modern science to work collaboratively to develop standardized strategies. A successful collaborative effort would lead to increased global/consumer recognition, acceptance and contribution to enhanced public safety regarding the quality and efficacy of these established therapeutic preparations.

Because people are becoming more interested in plant-based medicines, researchers are looking more closely at the bioactive components in medicinal herbs, especially polyphenols, because they may have antioxidant and anticancer effects. The goal of this study was to look into the antioxidant and anticancer properties of polyphenolic chemicals taken from some native herbs using established in vitro methodologies. We did methanolic and hydroethanolic extractions, then we measured the total phenolic and flavonoid content, the antioxidant activity using the DPPH and ABTS assays, and the cytotoxicity using the MTT assay on the MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines. Herb C had the highest total phenolic (168 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (96 mg QE/g) content of the samples examined. It also had the strongest antioxidant and anticancer activity, with IC₅₀ values close to those of normal ascorbic acid and a considerable decrease in cell viability. One-way ANOVA statistical analysis showed that the differences that were seen were significant (p