Gill Damage Index (GDI)

Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa Linn.), a well-known medicinal plant in traditional Ayurvedic systems, has gained significant attention for its wide range of pharmacological properties. This review compiles and evaluates the pharmacognostic characteristics and the diverse therapeutic bioactive compounds of Punarnava, highlighting its potential as a versatile herbal remedy. Pharmacognostically, Punarnava is identified by its spreading habit, thickened root system, and glandular hairy stems and leaves, with distinct macroscopic and microscopic features essential for proper identification and standardization of raw materials. Plant has demonstrated notable efficacy in managing liver disorders, edema, arthritis, and urinary tract infections in both experimental and clinical settings.This review also emphasizes the importance of standardization, quality control, and future research to explore the synergistic effects of these phytoconstituents and their potential for novel drug development. Comprehensive understanding and further exploration of its pharmacognostic and phytochemical profiles can pave the way for evidence-based applications in modern medicine.