DNA barcoding

Nanoencapsulation is a revolutionary approach to enhancing the therapeutic performance of herbal extracts by addressing some of their major weaknesses, such as poor solubility, low stability, and low bioavailability. This review underscores the promise of different nanocarrier systems in enhancing the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of phytochemicals, e.g. curcumin, quercetin and resveratrol, i.e. polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, solid-lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and nanostructured-lipid carriers (NLCs). In preclinical experiments, there has been a remarkable advancement in selective delivery and organ-selective performance, as well as decreased toxicity, particularly in neurodegenerative, hepatic, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. Despite improvements in studies, long-term safety, immunogenicity, and clinical translation issues persist. The review also indicates the necessity to develop universal nano formulation guidelines, toxicity testing, and clinical trials meant to help obtain regulatory approval and commercialisation. A combination of nanotechnology and herbal medicine creates potential applications for safer, effective, and user-friendly medicines.