Rupesh Soni

Medicinal plants have played a central role in India's traditional health care systems, and they have made a valuable contribution to pharmacognosy and phytochemistry. The present systematic review is intended to assess the pharmacognostic and phytochemical attributes of several medicinal plants that are utilized in Indian traditional medicine, such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani systems. The work emphasizes the morphological, microscopic, and physicochemical properties of these plants during the analysis of their bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and glycosides. A thorough examination of literature available was done using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar with emphasis on studies published over the last two decades. The review also touches upon the ethnobotanical importance, therapeutic potential, and standardization issues related to Indian medicinal plants. Research indicates that most of these plants have strong pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Nonetheless, more extensive research needs to be conducted to determine their clinical utility and safety. This investigation highlights the importance of interdisciplinary approaches that integrate traditional wisdom with contemporary scientific verification to tap the potential of Indian medicinal plants for drugs

Nephrolithiasis, also referred to as kidney stone disease, is a major worldwide health issue, and the most common form is calcium oxalate. The application of medicinal herbs in its prevention and treatment has attracted significant interest because of their bioactive constituents with antiurolithic activity. In this review, in vivo studies on rat models of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis are critically assessed systematically to determine the efficacy of medicinal herbs. The review identifies major herbs, their mechanisms of action, experimental results, and possible clinical uses. Results indicate that most medicinal herbs have nephroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic effects, which help in decreasing stone formation and recurrence. More studies are required to standardize the dosages and confirm their efficacy in human trials.

The integration of nanotechnology with herbal medicine has revolutionized drug delivery by addressing major problems with traditional herbal preparations' irregular therapeutic effectiveness, rapid metabolism, and poor bioavailability. Bioactive herbal compounds have been enhanced in solubility, stability, and controlled release due to nanocarriers like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), dendrimers, and nanoemulsions. This provides targeted delivery with reduced systemic toxicity. With these advances, the therapeutic value of herbal-based medicines for chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, and microbial infections has significantly enhanced. Besides enhancing herbal medicine absorption and efficacy, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems also meet the increasing demand for natural and biocompatible treatments globally. They are not generally employed in the clinic, however, due to hindrances such as high production costs, scalability issues, complex regulatory environment, and potential long-term toxicity. Creation of biodegradable nanocarriers, extensive in vivo and clinical studies, and artificial intelligence application for optimizing drug formulation and delivery systems must be the primary focus of future work. Development of drug delivery systems that integrate the advantages of nanotechnology and herbal medicine could make the way to more individualized and targeted therapeutics. In order for nano-herbal drug delivery systems to enter into clinical trials and become successful, interdisciplinary collaboration and technological advances will be necessary in order to address existing challenges. This will enhance healthcare outcomes globally and revolutionize modern pharmacotherapy.